“Windows系统”的版本间的差异
fengtongxue(讨论 | 贡献) 小 |
fengtongxue(讨论 | 贡献) 小 |
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(未显示同一用户的9个中间版本) | |||
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== 一、小历史 == | == 一、小历史 == | ||
− | 1985年11月20日,Microsoft Windows 1. | + | 提起Windows发展历史首先要了解微软(Microsoft),微软公司是全球最大的电脑软件提供商,总部设在华盛顿州的雷德蒙市(Redmond,大西雅图的市郊)。公司于1975年由比尔·盖茨和保罗·艾伦成立。公司最初以“Micro-soft”的名称(意思为“微型软件”)发展和销售BASIC解释器,最初的总部是新墨西哥州的阿尔伯克基。史蒂夫·巴尔默(Steve Ballmer)是现在的首席执行官。 |
+ | |||
+ | Microsoft Windows是一个为个人电脑和服务器用户设计的操作系统,它有时也被称为“视窗操作系统”。 1985年11月20日,Microsoft Windows 1.0正式发布,售价100美金(折合现在的177美元),是微软第一次对个人电脑操作平台进行用户图形界面的尝试,同时也宣告了MS-DOS系统的终结。 | ||
Microsoft Windows 1.0由1983年开始开发,基于MS-DOS2.0,由55名开发人员历经1年多时间完成,可以显示256种颜色,支持窗口缩放,最小化窗口,控制面板已初具雏形。 | Microsoft Windows 1.0由1983年开始开发,基于MS-DOS2.0,由55名开发人员历经1年多时间完成,可以显示256种颜色,支持窗口缩放,最小化窗口,控制面板已初具雏形。 | ||
第6行: | 第8行: | ||
Windows 1.0硬件需求:256KB RAM,DOS 2.0以及两个软盘驱动器。 | Windows 1.0硬件需求:256KB RAM,DOS 2.0以及两个软盘驱动器。 | ||
+ | ·MS-DOS | ||
+ | ·Windows 1.0 | ||
+ | ·Windows 2.0 | ||
+ | ·Windows 3.0 | ||
+ | ·Windows 3.1 | ||
+ | ·Windows 3.2 | ||
+ | ·Windows 95 | ||
+ | ·Windows NT | ||
+ | ·Windows 98 | ||
+ | ·Windows ME | ||
+ | ·Windows 2000 | ||
+ | ·Windows XP | ||
+ | ·Windows Server 2003 | ||
+ | ·Windows Longhorn(Vista) | ||
== 二、Windows系统文件类型概览 == | == 二、Windows系统文件类型概览 == | ||
第41行: | 第57行: | ||
19. "ASP" "活动服务器文档" | 19. "ASP" "活动服务器文档" | ||
20. "ASX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" | 20. "ASX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
21. "AU" "AU 格式声音" | 21. "AU" "AU 格式声音" | ||
22. "AUDIOCD" "AudioCD" | 22. "AUDIOCD" "AudioCD" | ||
第59行: | 第77行: | ||
37. "COL" "HTML 帮助文件" | 37. "COL" "HTML 帮助文件" | ||
38. "CPL" "控制面板扩展" | 38. "CPL" "控制面板扩展" | ||
+ | 39. "CRL" "证书吊销列表" | ||
+ | 40. "CRT" "安全证书" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 41. "CSS" "级联样式表文档" | ||
+ | 42. "CSV" "Microsoft Excel 逗号分隔值文件" | ||
+ | 43. "CUR" "光标" | ||
+ | 44. "DB" "数据库文件" | ||
+ | 45. "DCS" "数据库内容源" | ||
+ | 46. "DER" "安全证书" | ||
+ | 47. "DESKLINK" "DESKLINK 文件" | ||
+ | 48. "DET" "Office Data File" | ||
+ | 49. "DIB" "BMP 图像" | ||
+ | 50. "DIC" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 51. "DIF" "Microsoft Excel 数据交换格式" | ||
+ | 52. "DOC" "Microsoft Word 文档" | ||
+ | 53. "DOCHTML" "Microsoft Word HTML 文档" | ||
+ | 54. "DOCMHTML" "DOCMHTML 文件" | ||
+ | 55. "DOT" "Microsoft Word 模板" | ||
+ | 56. "DOTHTML" "Microsoft Word HTML 模板" | ||
+ | 57. "DQY" "Microsoft Excel ODBC 查询文件" | ||
+ | 58. "DRV" "设备驱动程序" | ||
+ | 59. "DSN" "数据源名称" | ||
+ | 60. "DUN" "拨号网络文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 61. "DVD" "DVD" | ||
+ | 62. "ECS" "Exchange Server 内容源" | ||
+ | 63. "ELM" "Microsoft Office 主题文件" | ||
+ | 64. "EMF" "EMF 图像" | ||
+ | 65. "EML" "Outlook Express 邮件消息" | ||
+ | 66. "EXC" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 67. "FAD" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 68. "FAV" "FAV 文件" | ||
+ | 69. "FCS" "文件共享内容源" | ||
+ | 70. "FFA" "文件检索索引" | ||
+ | 71. "FFL" "文件检索索引" | ||
+ | 72. "FFT" "文件检索索引" | ||
+ | 73. "FFX" "文件检索索引" | ||
+ | 74. "FON" "字体文件" | ||
+ | 75. "FPDOCLIB" "Microsoft FrontPage Document Library" | ||
+ | 76"FPHOMEOP" Microsoft FrontPage Home Page Open" | ||
+ | 77. "FPHOMEPG" "Microsoft FrontPage 主页" | ||
+ | 78. "FPHTML""Microsoft FrontPage HTML 文档" | ||
+ | 79. "FPLIST" "Microsoft FrontPage List" | ||
+ | 80. "FPNOPUB" "Microsoft FrontPage Dont Publish" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 81. "FPOPEN" "Microsoft FrontPage 打开文件" | ||
+ | 82. "FPSURVEY" "Microsoft FrontPage Survey" | ||
+ | 83. "FPWEB" "FPWEB 文件" | ||
+ | 84. "FRG" "FRG 文件" | ||
+ | 85. "GIF" "GIF 图像" | ||
+ | 86. "GRA" "Microsoft Graph 图表" | ||
+ | 87. "GRP" "Microsoft 程序组" | ||
+ | 88. "HLP" "帮助文件" | ||
+ | 89. "HOL" "Microsoft Outlook Holidays" | ||
+ | 90. "HT" "超级终端文件" | ||
+ | 91. "HTA" "HTML Application" | ||
+ | 92. "HTC" "HTC 文件" | ||
+ | 93. "HTM" "HTML Document" | ||
+ | 94. "HTML" "HTML Document" | ||
+ | 95. "HTT" "HyperText 模板" | ||
+ | 96. "HTX""用于 Internet 数据库的 HTML 模板" | ||
+ | 97. "ICC" "ICC 配置文件" | ||
+ | 98. "ICM" "ICC 配置文件" | ||
+ | 99. "ICO" "图标" | ||
+ | 100. "ICS" "iCalendar 文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 101. "IDC" "IDC 文件" | ||
+ | 102. "III" "Intel IPhone 兼容" | ||
+ | 103. "INF" "安装信息" | ||
+ | 104. "INI" "配置设置" | ||
+ | 105. "INS" "Internet 通讯设置" | ||
+ | 106. "IQY" "Microsoft Excel Web 查询文件" | ||
+ | 107. "ISP" "Internet 通讯设置" | ||
+ | 108. "ITS" "Internet Document Set" | ||
+ | 109. "ITSS" "Microsoft Infotech Storage System File" | ||
+ | 110. "IVF" "Indeo 视频文件" | ||
+ | 111. "JFIF" "JPEG 图像" | ||
+ | 112. "JOB" "任务对象" | ||
+ | 113. "JOD" "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" | ||
+ | 114. "JPE" "JPEG 图像" | ||
+ | 115. "JPEG" "JPEG 图像" | ||
+ | 116. "JPG" "JPEG 图像" | ||
+ | 117. "JS" "JScript Script File" | ||
+ | 118. "JSE" "JScript Encoded Script File" | ||
+ | 119. "LDB" "Microsoft Access 记录锁定信息" | ||
+ | 120. "LEX" "词典文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 121. "LOG" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 122"LWV" Microsoft Linguistically Enhanced Sound File" | ||
+ | 123. "M1V" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 124. "M3U" "M3U 文件" | ||
+ | 125. "MAD" "Microsoft Access 模块快捷方式" | ||
+ | 126. "MAF" "Microsoft Access 窗体快捷方式" | ||
+ | 127. "MAG" "Microsoft Access 图表快捷方式" | ||
+ | 128. "MAM" "Microsoft Access 宏快捷方式" | ||
+ | 129. "MAPIMAIL" "MAPIMAIL 文件" | ||
+ | 130. "MAQ" "Microsoft Access 查询快捷方式" | ||
+ | 131. "MAR" "Microsoft Access 报表快捷方式" | ||
+ | 132. "MAS"Microsoft Access 存储过程快捷方式" | ||
+ | 133. "MAT" "Microsoft Access 表快捷方式" | ||
+ | 134. "MAU" "MAU 文件" | ||
+ | 135. "MAV" "Microsoft Access 视图快捷方式" | ||
+ | 136"MAW"Microsoft Access 数据访问页快捷方式" | ||
+ | 137. "MDA" "Microsoft Access 加载项" | ||
+ | 138. "MDB" "Microsoft Access 应用程序" | ||
+ | 139. "MDBHTML" "Microsoft Access HTML 文档" | ||
+ | 140. "MDE" "Microsoft Access MDE 数据库" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 141. "MDN""Microsoft Access 空白数据库模板" | ||
+ | 142. "MDT" "Microsoft Access 加载项数据" | ||
+ | 143. "MDW" "Microsoft Access 工作组信息" | ||
+ | 144. "MDZ""Microsoft Access 数据库向导模板" | ||
+ | 145. "MGC" "媒体目录文件" | ||
+ | 146. "MHT" "MHTML Document" | ||
+ | 147. "MHTML" "MHTML Document" | ||
+ | 148. "MID" "MIDI 序列" | ||
+ | 149. "MIDI" "MIDI 序列" | ||
+ | 150. "MML" "媒体目录文件" | ||
+ | 151. "MMM" "媒体剪辑" | ||
+ | 152. "MMW" "媒体目录文件" | ||
+ | 153. "MP2" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 154. "MP2V" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 155. "MP3" "MP3 格式声音" | ||
+ | 156. "MPA" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 157. "MPE" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 158. "MPEG" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 159. "MPF" "Media Package 文件" | ||
+ | 160. "MPG" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 161. "MPV2" "电影文件(MPEG)" | ||
+ | 162. "MSC" "Microsoft 通用管理文档" | ||
+ | 163. "MSG" "Outlook 项目" | ||
+ | 164. "MSI" "Windows Installer 软件包" | ||
+ | 165. "MSP" "Windows Installer 修补程序" | ||
+ | 166. "MSRCINCIDENT" "Microsoft 远程访问事件" | ||
+ | 167. "MSSTYLES" "Windows 可视化风格文件" | ||
+ | 168. "MSWMM" "Windows Movie Maker 项目" | ||
+ | 169. "NCS" "Lotus Notes 内容源" | ||
+ | 170. "NFO" "MSInfo 文档" | ||
+ | 171. "NICK" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 172. "NK2" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 173."NMW""Microsoft NetMeeting T126 兼容白板文档"174. "NWS" "Outlook Express 新闻消息" | ||
+ | 175. "OBD" "OBD 文件" | ||
+ | 176. "OBT" "OBT 文件" | ||
+ | 177. "OBZ" "OBZ 文件" | ||
+ | 178. "OCX" "ActiveX 控件" | ||
+ | 179. "ODC" "Microsoft Office 数据连接" | ||
+ | 180. "ODCCUBEFILE" "ODCCUBEFILE 文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 181. "ODCDATABASEFILE" "ODCDATABASEFILE 文件" | ||
+ | 182. "ODCNEWFILE" "ODCNEWFILE 文件" | ||
+ | 183. "ODCTABLEFILE" "ODCTABLEFILE 文件" | ||
+ | 184. "OFT" "Outlook 项目模板" | ||
+ | 185. "OPC" "Microsoft 清理向导文件" | ||
+ | 186. "OPS" "Office 10 设置文件" | ||
+ | 187. "OQY" "Microsoft Excel OLAP 查询文件" | ||
+ | 188. "OSS" "Office 搜索" | ||
+ | 189. "OST" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 190. "OTF" "OpenType 字体文件" | ||
+ | 191. "P10" "证书申请" | ||
+ | 192. "P12" "Personal Information Exchange" | ||
+ | 193. "P7B" "PKCS #7 证书" | ||
+ | 194. "P7C" "数字标识文件" | ||
+ | 195. "P7M" "PKCS #7 MIME 消息" | ||
+ | 196. "P7R" "PKCS #7 证书" | ||
+ | 197. "P7S" "PKCS #7 签名" | ||
+ | 198. "PAB" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 199. "PBK" "拨号电话簿" | ||
+ | 200. "PCB" "PCB 文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 201. "PCD" "Photo CD 图像" | ||
+ | 202. "PCX" "PCX 图像" | ||
+ | 203. "PFM" "Type 1 字体文件" | ||
+ | 204. "PFX" "Personal Information Exchange" | ||
+ | 205. "PIP" "Microsoft Office 设置文件" | ||
+ | 206. "PKO" "公钥安全对象" | ||
+ | 207. "PMA" "性能监视器文件" | ||
+ | 208. "PMC" "性能监视器文件" | ||
+ | 209. "PML" "性能监视器文件" | ||
+ | 210. "PMR" "性能监视器文件" | ||
+ | 211. "PMW" "性能监视器文件" | ||
+ | 212. "PNG" "PNG 图像" | ||
+ | 213. "POT" "Microsoft PowerPoint 模板" | ||
+ | 214. "POTHTML" "Microsoft PowerPoint HTML 模板" | ||
+ | 215. "PPA" "Microsoft PowerPoint 加载项" | ||
+ | 216. "PPS" "Microsoft PowerPoint 幻灯片放映" | ||
+ | 217. "PPT" "Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿" | ||
+ | 218. "PPTHTML" "Microsoft PowerPoint HTML 文档" | ||
+ | 219. "PPTMHTML" "PPTMHTML 文件" | ||
+ | 220. "PRF" "msrating.dll,-3001" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 221. "PST" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 222. "PSW" "Password Backup" | ||
+ | 223. "PWZ" "Microsoft PowerPoint 向导" | ||
+ | 224. "QDS" "目录查询" | ||
+ | 225. "RAT" "msrating.dll,-3000" | ||
+ | 226. "RDP" "远程桌面连接" | ||
+ | 227. "REG" "注册表项" | ||
+ | 228. "RMI" "MIDI 序列" | ||
+ | 229. "RNK" "拨号快捷方式" | ||
+ | 230. "RQY" "Microsoft Excel OLE DB 查询文件" | ||
+ | 231. "RTF" "RTF 格式" | ||
+ | 232. "RWZ" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 233. "SC2" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" | ||
+ | 234. "SCD" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" | ||
+ | 235. "SCH" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" | ||
+ | 236. "SCP" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 237. "SCT" "Windows Script Component" | ||
+ | 238. "SDB" "Appfix 软件包" | ||
+ | 239. "SHB" "将快捷方式插入到文档" | ||
+ | 240. "SHS" "片段对象" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 241. "SHTM" "HTML Document" | ||
+ | 242. "SHTML" "HTML Document" | ||
+ | 243. "SLK" "Microsoft Excel SLK 数据导入格式" | ||
+ | 244. "SLL" "SLL 文件" | ||
+ | 245. "SND" "AU 格式声音" | ||
+ | 246. "SNP" "Snapshot 文件" | ||
+ | 247. "SPC" "PKCS #7 证书" | ||
+ | 248. "SPL" "Shockwave Flash Object" | ||
+ | 249. "SST" "Microsoft 系列证书存储" | ||
+ | 250. "STF" "Microsoft 安装文件" | ||
+ | 251. "STL" "证书信任列表" | ||
+ | 252. "STM" "HTML Document" | ||
+ | 253. "SWF" "Shockwave Flash Object" | ||
+ | 254. "SYS" "系统文件" | ||
+ | 255. "TCS" "Tahoe Server 内容源" | ||
+ | 256. "THEME" "Windows 主题文件" | ||
+ | 257. "TIF" "TIF 图像" | ||
+ | 258. "TIFF" "TIF 图像" | ||
+ | 259. "TTC" "TrueType Collection 字体文件" | ||
+ | 260. "TTF" "TrueType 字体文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 261. "TXT" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 262. "UDL" "Microsoft 数据链接" | ||
+ | 263. "ULS" "Internet 定位服务" | ||
+ | 264. "URL" "Internet 快捷方式" | ||
+ | 265. "VBE" "VBScript Encoded Script File" | ||
+ | 266. "VBS" "VBScript Script File" | ||
+ | 267. "VCF" "vCard 文件" | ||
+ | 268. "VCS" "vCalendar 文件" | ||
+ | 269. "VXD" "虚拟设备驱动程序" | ||
+ | 270. "WAB" "数字标识文件" | ||
+ | 271. "WAV" "波形声音" | ||
+ | 272. "WAX" "Windows Media 音频快捷方式" | ||
+ | 273. "WBK" "Microsoft Word 备份文档" | ||
+ | 274. "WCS" "Web 站点内容源" | ||
+ | 275. "WEB" "Office 数据文件" | ||
+ | 276. "WEBPNP" "Webpnp" | ||
+ | 277. "WHT" "Microsoft NetMeeting 旧白板文档" | ||
+ | 278. "WIZ" "Microsoft Word 向导" | ||
+ | 279. "WIZHTML" "Microsoft Access HTML 模板" | ||
+ | 280. "WLL" "WLL 文件" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 281. "WM" "Windows Media 音频/视频文件" | ||
+ | 282. "WMA" "Windows Media 音频文件" | ||
+ | 283. "WMD" "Windows Media Player 下载软件包" | ||
+ | 284. "WMF" "WMF 图像" | ||
+ | 285. "WMP" "Windows Media Player 文件" | ||
+ | 286. "WMS" "Windows Media Player 外观文件" | ||
+ | 287. "WMV" "Windows Media 音频/视频文件" | ||
+ | 288. "WMX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" | ||
+ | 289. "WMZ" "Windows Media Player 外观程序包" | ||
+ | 290. "WPS" "WPS 文件" | ||
+ | 291. "WRI" "写入文档" | ||
+ | 292. "WSC" "Windows Script Component" | ||
+ | 293. "WSF" "Windows Script File" | ||
+ | 294. "WSH" "Windows Script Host Settings File" | ||
+ | 295. "WTX" "文本文档" | ||
+ | 296. "WVX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" | ||
+ | 297. "XLA" "Microsoft Excel 加载宏" | ||
+ | 298. "XLB" "Microsoft Excel 工作表" | ||
+ | 299. "XLC" "Microsoft Excel 图表" | ||
+ | 300. "XLD" "Microsoft Excel 5.0 对话框编辑表" | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | 301. "XLK" "Microsoft Excel 备份文件" | ||
+ | 302. "XLL" "Microsoft Excel XLL 加载宏" | ||
+ | 303. "XLM" "Microsoft Excel 4.0 宏" | ||
+ | 304. "XLS" "Microsoft Excel 工作表" | ||
+ | 305. "XLSHTML" "Microsoft Excel HTML 文档" | ||
+ | 306. "XLSMHTML" "XLSMHTML 文件" | ||
+ | 307. "XLT" "Microsoft Excel 模板" | ||
+ | 308. "XLTHTML" "Microsoft Excel HTML 模板" | ||
+ | 309. "XLV" "Microsoft Excel VBA 模块" | ||
+ | 310. "XLW" "Microsoft Excel 工作区" | ||
+ | 311. "XML" "XML 文档" | ||
+ | 312. "XNK" "Exchange 快捷方式" | ||
+ | 313. "XSL" "XSL 样式表" | ||
+ | 314. "ZAP" "软件安装设置" | ||
+ | 315. "ZIP" "压缩(zipped)文件夹" | ||
+ | |||
+ | == 三、系统服务的启动类型 == | ||
+ | 1、自动:如果一些无用服务被设置为自动,它就会随系统一起启动,这样会延长系统启动时间。通常与系统有紧密关联的服务才必须设置为自动。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2、手动:只有在需要它的时候,才会被启动。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3、已禁用:表示这种服务将不再启动,即使是在需要它时,也不会被启动,除非修改为上面两种类型。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | == 四、常用命令集 == | ||
+ | winver---------检查windows版本 | ||
+ | wmimgmt.msc----打开windows管理体系结构(wmi) | ||
+ | wupdmgr--------windows更新程序 | ||
+ | w脚本--------windows脚本宿主设置 | ||
+ | write----------写字板 | ||
+ | |||
+ | winmsd---------系统信息 | ||
+ | wiaacmgr-------扫描仪和照相机向导 | ||
+ | winchat--------xp自带局域网聊天 | ||
+ | mem.exe--------显示内存使用情况 | ||
+ | msconfig-----------启动 | ||
+ | |||
+ | msconfig.exe---系统配置实用程序 | ||
+ | mplayer2-------简易widnows media player | ||
+ | mspaint--------画图板 | ||
+ | mstsc----------远程桌面连接 | ||
+ | mplayer2-------媒体播放机 | ||
+ | |||
+ | magnify--------放大镜实用程序 | ||
+ | mmc------------打开控制台 | ||
+ | mobsync--------同步命令 | ||
+ | dxdiag---------检查directx信息 | ||
+ | drwtsn32------ 系统医生 | ||
+ | |||
+ | devmgmt.msc--- 设备管理器 | ||
+ | dfrg.msc-------磁盘碎片整理程序 | ||
+ | diskmgmt.msc---磁盘管理实用程序 | ||
+ | dcomcnfg-------打开系统组件服务 | ||
+ | ddeshare-------打开dde共享设置 | ||
+ | |||
+ | dvdplay--------dvd播放器 | ||
+ | nslookup-------ip地址侦测器 | ||
+ | net stop messenger-----停止信使服务 | ||
+ | net start messenger----开始信使服务 | ||
+ | notepad--------打开记事本 | ||
+ | |||
+ | nslookup-------网络管理的工具向导 | ||
+ | ntbackup-------系统备份和还原 | ||
+ | narrator-------屏幕“讲述人” | ||
+ | ntmsmgr.msc----移动存储管理器 | ||
+ | ntmsoprq.msc---移动存储管理员操作请求 | ||
+ | |||
+ | netstat -an----(tc)命令检查接口 | ||
+ | syncapp--------创建一个公文包 | ||
+ | sysedit--------系统配置编辑器 | ||
+ | sigverif-------文件签名验证程序 | ||
+ | sndrec32-------录音机 | ||
+ | |||
+ | shrpubw--------创建共享文件夹 | ||
+ | secpol.msc-----本地安全策略 | ||
+ | syskey---------系统加密,一旦加密就不能解开,保护windows xp系统的双重密码 | ||
+ | services.msc---本地服务设置 | ||
+ | sndvol32-------音量控制程序 | ||
+ | |||
+ | sfc.exe--------系统文件检查器 | ||
+ | sfc /scannow---windows文件保护(扫描错误并复原) | ||
+ | tsshutdn-------60秒倒计时关机命令 | ||
+ | tourstart------xp简介(安装完成后出现的漫游xp程序) | ||
+ | taskmgr--------任务管理器 (2000/xp/2003) | ||
+ | |||
+ | eventvwr-------事件查看器 | ||
+ | eudcedit-------造字程序 | ||
+ | explorer-------打开资源管理器 | ||
+ | packager-------对象包装程序 | ||
+ | perfmon.msc----计算机性能监测程序 | ||
+ | |||
+ | progman--------程序管理器 | ||
+ | regedit.exe----注册表 | ||
+ | rsop.msc-------组策略结果集 | ||
+ | regedt32-------注册表编辑器 | ||
+ | rononce -p ----15秒关机 | ||
+ | |||
+ | regsvr32 /u *.dll----停止dll文件运行 | ||
+ | regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll------取消zip支持 | ||
+ | cmd.exe--------cmd命令提示符 | ||
+ | chkdsk.exe-----chkdsk磁盘检查 | ||
+ | certmgr.msc----证书管理实用程序 | ||
+ | |||
+ | calc-----------启动计算器 | ||
+ | charmap--------启动字符映射表 | ||
+ | cliconfg-------sql server 客户端网络实用程序 | ||
+ | clipbrd--------剪贴板查看器 | ||
+ | conf-----------启动netmeeting | ||
+ | |||
+ | compmgmt.msc---计算机管理 | ||
+ | cleanmgr-------垃圾整理 | ||
+ | ciadv.msc------索引服务程序 | ||
+ | osk------------打开屏幕键盘 | ||
+ | odbcad32-------odbc数据源管理器 | ||
+ | |||
+ | oobe/msoobe /a----检查xp是否激活 | ||
+ | lusrmgr.msc----本机用户和组 | ||
+ | logoff---------注销命令 | ||
+ | iexpress-------木马捆绑工具,系统自带 | ||
+ | fsmgmt.msc-----共享文件夹管理器 | ||
+ | |||
+ | utilman--------辅助工具管理器 | ||
+ | gpedit.msc-----组策略 | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | [[Category:操作系统]] |
2008-05-24T21:06:04的最后版本
一、小历史
提起Windows发展历史首先要了解微软(Microsoft),微软公司是全球最大的电脑软件提供商,总部设在华盛顿州的雷德蒙市(Redmond,大西雅图的市郊)。公司于1975年由比尔·盖茨和保罗·艾伦成立。公司最初以“Micro-soft”的名称(意思为“微型软件”)发展和销售BASIC解释器,最初的总部是新墨西哥州的阿尔伯克基。史蒂夫·巴尔默(Steve Ballmer)是现在的首席执行官。
Microsoft Windows是一个为个人电脑和服务器用户设计的操作系统,它有时也被称为“视窗操作系统”。 1985年11月20日,Microsoft Windows 1.0正式发布,售价100美金(折合现在的177美元),是微软第一次对个人电脑操作平台进行用户图形界面的尝试,同时也宣告了MS-DOS系统的终结。
Microsoft Windows 1.0由1983年开始开发,基于MS-DOS2.0,由55名开发人员历经1年多时间完成,可以显示256种颜色,支持窗口缩放,最小化窗口,控制面板已初具雏形。
Windows 1.0硬件需求:256KB RAM,DOS 2.0以及两个软盘驱动器。
·MS-DOS ·Windows 1.0 ·Windows 2.0 ·Windows 3.0 ·Windows 3.1 ·Windows 3.2 ·Windows 95 ·Windows NT ·Windows 98 ·Windows ME ·Windows 2000 ·Windows XP ·Windows Server 2003 ·Windows Longhorn(Vista)
二、Windows系统文件类型概览
大家知道,Windows系统文件按照不同的格式和用途分很多种类,为便于管理和识别,在对文件命名时,是以扩展名加以区分的,即文件名格式为: "主文件名.扩展名"。这样就可以根据文件的扩展名,判定文件的种类,从而知道其格式和用途。
例如:
"文件名1.DOC"的扩展名"DOC"表示本文件是一个"Microsoft Word 文档", "文件名2.XLS"的扩展名"XLS"表示本文件是一个"Microsoft Excel 工作表", "文件名3.BMP"的扩展名"BMP"表示本文件是一个"BMP格式图像", "文件名4.MP3"的扩展名"MP3"表示本文件是一个"MP3 格式声音", "文件名5.MPEG"的扩展名"MPEG"表示本文件是一个"电影文件(MPEG)"。
下面列出Windows系统文件的扩展名及其分类对照表,以备查阅:
1. "323" "H.323 Internet 电话技术" 2. "386" "虚拟设备驱动程序" 3. "ACA" "Microsoft Agent Character File (HTTP format)" 4. "ACF" "Microsoft Agent Character File (HTTP format)" 5. "ACG" "Microsoft Agent 预览文件" 6. "ACL" "自动更正列表文件" 7. "ACS" "Microsoft Agent Character File" 8. "ACW" "辅助功能向导设置" 9. "ADE" "Microsoft Access 项目扩展" 10. "ADN" "Microsoft Access 空白项目模板" 11. "ADP" "Microsoft Access 项目" 12. "AIF" "AIFF 格式声音" 13. "AIFC" "AIFF 格式声音" 14. "AIFF" "AIFF 格式声音" 15. "ANI" "动画光标" 16. "ASA" "活动服务器文档" 17. "ASD" "ASF Stream Description File" 18. "ASF" "Windows Media 音频/视频文件" 19. "ASP" "活动服务器文档" 20. "ASX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式"
21. "AU" "AU 格式声音" 22. "AUDIOCD" "AudioCD" 23. "AVI" "视频剪辑" 24. "AW" "应答向导文件" 25. "BKF" "Windows 备份文件" 26. "BLG" "性能监视器文件" 27. "BMP" "BMP 图像" 28. "CAT" "安全编录" 29. "CDA" "CD 音频曲目" 30. "CDF" "频道文件" 31. "CDX" "活动服务器文档" 32. "CER" "安全证书" 33. "CHK" "还原了文件碎片" 34. "CHM" "已编译的 HTML 帮助文件" 35. "CLP" "剪贴板剪贴" 36. "CNF" "快速拨号" 37. "COL" "HTML 帮助文件" 38. "CPL" "控制面板扩展" 39. "CRL" "证书吊销列表" 40. "CRT" "安全证书"
41. "CSS" "级联样式表文档" 42. "CSV" "Microsoft Excel 逗号分隔值文件" 43. "CUR" "光标" 44. "DB" "数据库文件" 45. "DCS" "数据库内容源" 46. "DER" "安全证书" 47. "DESKLINK" "DESKLINK 文件" 48. "DET" "Office Data File" 49. "DIB" "BMP 图像" 50. "DIC" "文本文档" 51. "DIF" "Microsoft Excel 数据交换格式" 52. "DOC" "Microsoft Word 文档" 53. "DOCHTML" "Microsoft Word HTML 文档" 54. "DOCMHTML" "DOCMHTML 文件" 55. "DOT" "Microsoft Word 模板" 56. "DOTHTML" "Microsoft Word HTML 模板" 57. "DQY" "Microsoft Excel ODBC 查询文件" 58. "DRV" "设备驱动程序" 59. "DSN" "数据源名称" 60. "DUN" "拨号网络文件"
61. "DVD" "DVD" 62. "ECS" "Exchange Server 内容源" 63. "ELM" "Microsoft Office 主题文件" 64. "EMF" "EMF 图像" 65. "EML" "Outlook Express 邮件消息" 66. "EXC" "文本文档" 67. "FAD" "Office 数据文件" 68. "FAV" "FAV 文件" 69. "FCS" "文件共享内容源" 70. "FFA" "文件检索索引" 71. "FFL" "文件检索索引" 72. "FFT" "文件检索索引" 73. "FFX" "文件检索索引" 74. "FON" "字体文件" 75. "FPDOCLIB" "Microsoft FrontPage Document Library" 76"FPHOMEOP" Microsoft FrontPage Home Page Open" 77. "FPHOMEPG" "Microsoft FrontPage 主页" 78. "FPHTML""Microsoft FrontPage HTML 文档" 79. "FPLIST" "Microsoft FrontPage List" 80. "FPNOPUB" "Microsoft FrontPage Dont Publish"
81. "FPOPEN" "Microsoft FrontPage 打开文件" 82. "FPSURVEY" "Microsoft FrontPage Survey" 83. "FPWEB" "FPWEB 文件" 84. "FRG" "FRG 文件" 85. "GIF" "GIF 图像" 86. "GRA" "Microsoft Graph 图表" 87. "GRP" "Microsoft 程序组" 88. "HLP" "帮助文件" 89. "HOL" "Microsoft Outlook Holidays" 90. "HT" "超级终端文件" 91. "HTA" "HTML Application" 92. "HTC" "HTC 文件" 93. "HTM" "HTML Document" 94. "HTML" "HTML Document" 95. "HTT" "HyperText 模板" 96. "HTX""用于 Internet 数据库的 HTML 模板" 97. "ICC" "ICC 配置文件" 98. "ICM" "ICC 配置文件" 99. "ICO" "图标" 100. "ICS" "iCalendar 文件"
101. "IDC" "IDC 文件" 102. "III" "Intel IPhone 兼容" 103. "INF" "安装信息" 104. "INI" "配置设置" 105. "INS" "Internet 通讯设置" 106. "IQY" "Microsoft Excel Web 查询文件" 107. "ISP" "Internet 通讯设置" 108. "ITS" "Internet Document Set" 109. "ITSS" "Microsoft Infotech Storage System File" 110. "IVF" "Indeo 视频文件" 111. "JFIF" "JPEG 图像" 112. "JOB" "任务对象" 113. "JOD" "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" 114. "JPE" "JPEG 图像" 115. "JPEG" "JPEG 图像" 116. "JPG" "JPEG 图像" 117. "JS" "JScript Script File" 118. "JSE" "JScript Encoded Script File" 119. "LDB" "Microsoft Access 记录锁定信息" 120. "LEX" "词典文件"
121. "LOG" "文本文档" 122"LWV" Microsoft Linguistically Enhanced Sound File" 123. "M1V" "电影文件(MPEG)" 124. "M3U" "M3U 文件" 125. "MAD" "Microsoft Access 模块快捷方式" 126. "MAF" "Microsoft Access 窗体快捷方式" 127. "MAG" "Microsoft Access 图表快捷方式" 128. "MAM" "Microsoft Access 宏快捷方式" 129. "MAPIMAIL" "MAPIMAIL 文件" 130. "MAQ" "Microsoft Access 查询快捷方式" 131. "MAR" "Microsoft Access 报表快捷方式" 132. "MAS"Microsoft Access 存储过程快捷方式" 133. "MAT" "Microsoft Access 表快捷方式" 134. "MAU" "MAU 文件" 135. "MAV" "Microsoft Access 视图快捷方式" 136"MAW"Microsoft Access 数据访问页快捷方式" 137. "MDA" "Microsoft Access 加载项" 138. "MDB" "Microsoft Access 应用程序" 139. "MDBHTML" "Microsoft Access HTML 文档" 140. "MDE" "Microsoft Access MDE 数据库"
141. "MDN""Microsoft Access 空白数据库模板" 142. "MDT" "Microsoft Access 加载项数据" 143. "MDW" "Microsoft Access 工作组信息" 144. "MDZ""Microsoft Access 数据库向导模板" 145. "MGC" "媒体目录文件" 146. "MHT" "MHTML Document" 147. "MHTML" "MHTML Document" 148. "MID" "MIDI 序列" 149. "MIDI" "MIDI 序列" 150. "MML" "媒体目录文件" 151. "MMM" "媒体剪辑" 152. "MMW" "媒体目录文件" 153. "MP2" "电影文件(MPEG)" 154. "MP2V" "电影文件(MPEG)" 155. "MP3" "MP3 格式声音" 156. "MPA" "电影文件(MPEG)" 157. "MPE" "电影文件(MPEG)" 158. "MPEG" "电影文件(MPEG)" 159. "MPF" "Media Package 文件" 160. "MPG" "电影文件(MPEG)"
161. "MPV2" "电影文件(MPEG)" 162. "MSC" "Microsoft 通用管理文档" 163. "MSG" "Outlook 项目" 164. "MSI" "Windows Installer 软件包" 165. "MSP" "Windows Installer 修补程序" 166. "MSRCINCIDENT" "Microsoft 远程访问事件" 167. "MSSTYLES" "Windows 可视化风格文件" 168. "MSWMM" "Windows Movie Maker 项目" 169. "NCS" "Lotus Notes 内容源" 170. "NFO" "MSInfo 文档" 171. "NICK" "Office 数据文件" 172. "NK2" "Office 数据文件" 173."NMW""Microsoft NetMeeting T126 兼容白板文档"174. "NWS" "Outlook Express 新闻消息" 175. "OBD" "OBD 文件" 176. "OBT" "OBT 文件" 177. "OBZ" "OBZ 文件" 178. "OCX" "ActiveX 控件" 179. "ODC" "Microsoft Office 数据连接" 180. "ODCCUBEFILE" "ODCCUBEFILE 文件"
181. "ODCDATABASEFILE" "ODCDATABASEFILE 文件" 182. "ODCNEWFILE" "ODCNEWFILE 文件" 183. "ODCTABLEFILE" "ODCTABLEFILE 文件" 184. "OFT" "Outlook 项目模板" 185. "OPC" "Microsoft 清理向导文件" 186. "OPS" "Office 10 设置文件" 187. "OQY" "Microsoft Excel OLAP 查询文件" 188. "OSS" "Office 搜索" 189. "OST" "Office 数据文件" 190. "OTF" "OpenType 字体文件" 191. "P10" "证书申请" 192. "P12" "Personal Information Exchange" 193. "P7B" "PKCS #7 证书" 194. "P7C" "数字标识文件" 195. "P7M" "PKCS #7 MIME 消息" 196. "P7R" "PKCS #7 证书" 197. "P7S" "PKCS #7 签名" 198. "PAB" "Office 数据文件" 199. "PBK" "拨号电话簿" 200. "PCB" "PCB 文件"
201. "PCD" "Photo CD 图像" 202. "PCX" "PCX 图像" 203. "PFM" "Type 1 字体文件" 204. "PFX" "Personal Information Exchange" 205. "PIP" "Microsoft Office 设置文件" 206. "PKO" "公钥安全对象" 207. "PMA" "性能监视器文件" 208. "PMC" "性能监视器文件" 209. "PML" "性能监视器文件" 210. "PMR" "性能监视器文件" 211. "PMW" "性能监视器文件" 212. "PNG" "PNG 图像" 213. "POT" "Microsoft PowerPoint 模板" 214. "POTHTML" "Microsoft PowerPoint HTML 模板" 215. "PPA" "Microsoft PowerPoint 加载项" 216. "PPS" "Microsoft PowerPoint 幻灯片放映" 217. "PPT" "Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿" 218. "PPTHTML" "Microsoft PowerPoint HTML 文档" 219. "PPTMHTML" "PPTMHTML 文件" 220. "PRF" "msrating.dll,-3001"
221. "PST" "Office 数据文件" 222. "PSW" "Password Backup" 223. "PWZ" "Microsoft PowerPoint 向导" 224. "QDS" "目录查询" 225. "RAT" "msrating.dll,-3000" 226. "RDP" "远程桌面连接" 227. "REG" "注册表项" 228. "RMI" "MIDI 序列" 229. "RNK" "拨号快捷方式" 230. "RQY" "Microsoft Excel OLE DB 查询文件" 231. "RTF" "RTF 格式" 232. "RWZ" "Office 数据文件" 233. "SC2" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" 234. "SCD" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" 235. "SCH" "Microsoft Schedule+ 应用程序" 236. "SCP" "文本文档" 237. "SCT" "Windows Script Component" 238. "SDB" "Appfix 软件包" 239. "SHB" "将快捷方式插入到文档" 240. "SHS" "片段对象"
241. "SHTM" "HTML Document" 242. "SHTML" "HTML Document" 243. "SLK" "Microsoft Excel SLK 数据导入格式" 244. "SLL" "SLL 文件" 245. "SND" "AU 格式声音" 246. "SNP" "Snapshot 文件" 247. "SPC" "PKCS #7 证书" 248. "SPL" "Shockwave Flash Object" 249. "SST" "Microsoft 系列证书存储" 250. "STF" "Microsoft 安装文件" 251. "STL" "证书信任列表" 252. "STM" "HTML Document" 253. "SWF" "Shockwave Flash Object" 254. "SYS" "系统文件" 255. "TCS" "Tahoe Server 内容源" 256. "THEME" "Windows 主题文件" 257. "TIF" "TIF 图像" 258. "TIFF" "TIF 图像" 259. "TTC" "TrueType Collection 字体文件" 260. "TTF" "TrueType 字体文件"
261. "TXT" "文本文档" 262. "UDL" "Microsoft 数据链接" 263. "ULS" "Internet 定位服务" 264. "URL" "Internet 快捷方式" 265. "VBE" "VBScript Encoded Script File" 266. "VBS" "VBScript Script File" 267. "VCF" "vCard 文件" 268. "VCS" "vCalendar 文件" 269. "VXD" "虚拟设备驱动程序" 270. "WAB" "数字标识文件" 271. "WAV" "波形声音" 272. "WAX" "Windows Media 音频快捷方式" 273. "WBK" "Microsoft Word 备份文档" 274. "WCS" "Web 站点内容源" 275. "WEB" "Office 数据文件" 276. "WEBPNP" "Webpnp" 277. "WHT" "Microsoft NetMeeting 旧白板文档" 278. "WIZ" "Microsoft Word 向导" 279. "WIZHTML" "Microsoft Access HTML 模板" 280. "WLL" "WLL 文件"
281. "WM" "Windows Media 音频/视频文件" 282. "WMA" "Windows Media 音频文件" 283. "WMD" "Windows Media Player 下载软件包" 284. "WMF" "WMF 图像" 285. "WMP" "Windows Media Player 文件" 286. "WMS" "Windows Media Player 外观文件" 287. "WMV" "Windows Media 音频/视频文件" 288. "WMX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" 289. "WMZ" "Windows Media Player 外观程序包" 290. "WPS" "WPS 文件" 291. "WRI" "写入文档" 292. "WSC" "Windows Script Component" 293. "WSF" "Windows Script File" 294. "WSH" "Windows Script Host Settings File" 295. "WTX" "文本文档" 296. "WVX" "Windows Media 音频/视频快捷方式" 297. "XLA" "Microsoft Excel 加载宏" 298. "XLB" "Microsoft Excel 工作表" 299. "XLC" "Microsoft Excel 图表" 300. "XLD" "Microsoft Excel 5.0 对话框编辑表"
301. "XLK" "Microsoft Excel 备份文件" 302. "XLL" "Microsoft Excel XLL 加载宏" 303. "XLM" "Microsoft Excel 4.0 宏" 304. "XLS" "Microsoft Excel 工作表" 305. "XLSHTML" "Microsoft Excel HTML 文档" 306. "XLSMHTML" "XLSMHTML 文件" 307. "XLT" "Microsoft Excel 模板" 308. "XLTHTML" "Microsoft Excel HTML 模板" 309. "XLV" "Microsoft Excel VBA 模块" 310. "XLW" "Microsoft Excel 工作区" 311. "XML" "XML 文档" 312. "XNK" "Exchange 快捷方式" 313. "XSL" "XSL 样式表" 314. "ZAP" "软件安装设置" 315. "ZIP" "压缩(zipped)文件夹"
三、系统服务的启动类型
1、自动:如果一些无用服务被设置为自动,它就会随系统一起启动,这样会延长系统启动时间。通常与系统有紧密关联的服务才必须设置为自动。
2、手动:只有在需要它的时候,才会被启动。
3、已禁用:表示这种服务将不再启动,即使是在需要它时,也不会被启动,除非修改为上面两种类型。
四、常用命令集
winver---------检查windows版本 wmimgmt.msc----打开windows管理体系结构(wmi) wupdmgr--------windows更新程序 w脚本--------windows脚本宿主设置 write----------写字板
winmsd---------系统信息 wiaacmgr-------扫描仪和照相机向导 winchat--------xp自带局域网聊天 mem.exe--------显示内存使用情况 msconfig-----------启动
msconfig.exe---系统配置实用程序 mplayer2-------简易widnows media player mspaint--------画图板 mstsc----------远程桌面连接 mplayer2-------媒体播放机
magnify--------放大镜实用程序 mmc------------打开控制台 mobsync--------同步命令 dxdiag---------检查directx信息 drwtsn32------ 系统医生 devmgmt.msc--- 设备管理器 dfrg.msc-------磁盘碎片整理程序 diskmgmt.msc---磁盘管理实用程序 dcomcnfg-------打开系统组件服务 ddeshare-------打开dde共享设置
dvdplay--------dvd播放器 nslookup-------ip地址侦测器 net stop messenger-----停止信使服务 net start messenger----开始信使服务 notepad--------打开记事本 nslookup-------网络管理的工具向导 ntbackup-------系统备份和还原 narrator-------屏幕“讲述人” ntmsmgr.msc----移动存储管理器 ntmsoprq.msc---移动存储管理员操作请求
netstat -an----(tc)命令检查接口 syncapp--------创建一个公文包 sysedit--------系统配置编辑器 sigverif-------文件签名验证程序 sndrec32-------录音机
shrpubw--------创建共享文件夹 secpol.msc-----本地安全策略 syskey---------系统加密,一旦加密就不能解开,保护windows xp系统的双重密码 services.msc---本地服务设置 sndvol32-------音量控制程序
sfc.exe--------系统文件检查器 sfc /scannow---windows文件保护(扫描错误并复原) tsshutdn-------60秒倒计时关机命令 tourstart------xp简介(安装完成后出现的漫游xp程序) taskmgr--------任务管理器 (2000/xp/2003)
eventvwr-------事件查看器 eudcedit-------造字程序 explorer-------打开资源管理器 packager-------对象包装程序 perfmon.msc----计算机性能监测程序
progman--------程序管理器 regedit.exe----注册表 rsop.msc-------组策略结果集 regedt32-------注册表编辑器 rononce -p ----15秒关机
regsvr32 /u *.dll----停止dll文件运行 regsvr32 /u zipfldr.dll------取消zip支持 cmd.exe--------cmd命令提示符 chkdsk.exe-----chkdsk磁盘检查 certmgr.msc----证书管理实用程序
calc-----------启动计算器 charmap--------启动字符映射表 cliconfg-------sql server 客户端网络实用程序 clipbrd--------剪贴板查看器 conf-----------启动netmeeting
compmgmt.msc---计算机管理 cleanmgr-------垃圾整理 ciadv.msc------索引服务程序 osk------------打开屏幕键盘 odbcad32-------odbc数据源管理器
oobe/msoobe /a----检查xp是否激活 lusrmgr.msc----本机用户和组 logoff---------注销命令 iexpress-------木马捆绑工具,系统自带 fsmgmt.msc-----共享文件夹管理器
utilman--------辅助工具管理器 gpedit.msc-----组策略